Variable tip diameters of protaper file allow it to have specific cutting action in defines arear of the canal without stressing instrument in other sections.

The helical change angle over its cutting blades reduces theinstrument from screeing into the canal and allows better removal of debris.

Length of protaper reduced from 15 to 12.5mm for better access in the posterior region.

Niti protaper has 55% nickel and 45% titanium which has an advantage on shape memory, superelasticity, low modules of elasticity, corrosion-resistant, softer, good resiliency and biocompatibility.

The protaper system consists of just three shaping and five finishing files.

Sx-orange coloured handle and use for the shaping of the orifice.S1-purple coloured ring and used to prepare coronal part of the root.S2-white coloured ring and used to prepare middle 1/3rd of the canal.F1-yellow coloured ring and used to prepare apical third of the canal.F2-red coloured ring and prepare apical third of the canal.F3-blue coloured ring on the handle and used to prepare apical third of thecanal.F4-black coloured ring on the handle and used to prepare the apical 1/3rd of the canal.F5-double yellow coloured ring and use to prepare apical 1/3rd of a canal.

They are basically used to locate apical foramen by determining the apical constriction or cement-dentinal junction.The basic principle of apex locator is based on electrical resistance and apex of the root of the canal has a specific resistance to electrical current ad this is measured using a pair of electrodes typically hooked into the lip and attached to an endodontic file.

The main advantage of using this apex locator are using operated digital readout,can be used wit6h k-file, may incorporate pulp tester and disadvantages are require dry field, patient sensitivity and cannot estimate beyond 2mm.

The major disadvantage of second-generation apex locator is that root canal has to be free of electroconductive materials to obtain accurate readings.presence of electro-conductive irrigants changes the electric characteristic and lead to inaccurate readings.

The main disadvantage of using these type of apex locator is that they do not require lip clip, no patient sensitivity, analogue method and disadvantages are no digital readout, difficult to operate, the canal should be free of electro-conductive irrigants and tissue fluids.

The 3rd generation is also called frequency-dependent apex locator.It works on the principle of frequency or comparative impedance.they are based on the fact that different sites in the canal give a difference in impedance between high and low frequencies.

The difference in impedance is least in the coronal part of the canal and as the probe goes deeper into canal difference increases and it is greatest at a cement-dentinal junction.

In this new era, our education and research work in different field evolves like a volcano and helps in understanding the relation of cause and its result.

As a continuation of this great work, the researchers of Norway in the university of Bergen have discovered a clear connection between oral health and Alzheimer's disease.

Researchers found out through DNA proofing that the bacteria which causes gingivitis can move from the mouth to the brain.

Study Reveals The Bacteria Produces a Protein That destroys nerve cells in the brain which in turn leads to loss of memory and ultimately Alzheimer's.

After all this, the good news is that this study shows that there are some things you can do yourself to slow down Alzheimer's.

This whole study proposes that “Brush your teeth and use floss”.Researchers Mydel adds that it is important if you have established gingivitis and have Alzheimer's in your family, to go to your dentist regularly and clean your teeth properly.

According to the researchers at the University of Greifswald in Germany that electric toothbrushe help to prevent tooth loss as compared to manual brushing.

This 11-year-old study is based on examination, observation and follows up.

The observational study investigates the relation and association between electric toothbrushing and periodontitis, caries and number of teeth present.

Users of electric toothbrush experienced 20% less tooth loss during follow up than manual.

Participants of this study group according to the severity of their periodontitis, the association between electric toothbrushing and tooth retention was significant only in those with no or mild periodontitis and not in those with moderate or severe periodontitis.

Further observation showed and relate electric toothbrushing with fewer pockets and better attachment of teeth to the gums and bone.

Does everybody wonder why sterilization is a must?

One latest horrific real incidence comes to the surface when one local newspaper published this report on 20 may 2019 that 563 patients may have a risk of HIV.

Patient at the Dentality Hoddesdon practice in Hertfordshire received letters telling that a hygienist had failed to sterilizedental equipment .All this happens when a patient of Dentality Hoddesdon practice received a letter to get HIV to test after 3 months of their appointment.

The practice is run by Dr.Vishaal shah, said that they are very careful with patient care and have always put patient first and as soon as we became aware of behaviour from a hygienist that did not meet the rightful standards we expect from our entire team, we launched a full investigation and escalated the matter to all key authorities.

All this happened because of negligence in the sterilization of ultrasonic scaler.

This error was noticed by other staff and reported it and then the hygienist has been dismissed by the practice.

According to the latest reports on elite athletes, some important and neglect things come into notice that they have poor oral health than most people despite regular brushing.The survey and findings are published in the British dental journal where they underline the improvement as most of the athletes expressed an interest in changing their oral habits to improve their oral health.

The research team called UCL Eastman dental institute research provide dental check-up camp of 352 male and female athletes of cycling, rugby, football, rowing, hockey, sailing and athletics and measure tooth decay, gum health, acid erosion and found that nearly half had untreated tooth decay,large majority showed early signs of gum inflammation and almost a third reported that their oral had a negative impact on their training and performance.

Researchers also asked them about what they did to keep their mouth, gums and teeth healthy.

Most interesting and noticeable things are the majority of them have good oral health-related habits and despite that 94% reported brushing their teeth at least twice a day and 44%reported regular flossing and this figures are higher than the general population.they all have a good oral health-related habits like brushing twice a day ,regular dental checkup, don’t smoke and healthy general diet.

After survey, researchers lastly found out the reason for this as many of them on regular use of sports drinks(87%), energy bars(59%), and energy gels(70%) which are known to damage teeth .all these beverages have sugar which increases the risk of tooth decay and the acidity increases risk of erosion.some of them face an elevated risk of oral diseases from a dry mouth during intensive training.

Heartening is that athletes were willing to consider behaviour changes such as additional fluoride use from mouthwash, more frequent dental visits, reducing their intake of sports drinks to improve oral health.