Ectopic pregnancy:A transvaginal ultrasound is the most important diagnostic tool for an ectopic pregnancy.

Adnexal complex or simple cyst with ring of fire appearance with colour doppler is the most specific feature.

Presence of free fluid in pouch of douglas indicates rupture of ectopic pregnancy.

Live extra uterine pregnancy with demonstrable cardiac activity is 100% specific of ectopic pregnancy.

Empty uterine cavity with thick endometrium also corroborates with the diagnosis.

Rare presence of pseudo-gestational sac and heterotopic pregnancy will pose challenges in diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.

USG is an effective, safe, inexpensive, radiation free, non-invasive and readily available tool.Role of ultrasound in female infertilityUltrasound is used to evaluate the pelvic organs (uterus and ovaries), growing ovarian follicles, and cyclic uterine endometrial changes.Evaluation of uterus :A) Structural anatomy — Using both 2D and 3D ultrasound congenital mullerian anomalies can be diagnosed and classified according to ESHRE/ESGE classification of uterine anomalies.B) Pathologies:1) Fibroid : seen in 5–10% of infertile women.

Distortion of the endometrial cavity, abnormal endometrial receptivity, altered hormonal milieu, and endometrial development are the causative factors for infertility in fibroids.USG provides the number, exact location and size of fibroids, thus helps in thorough planning of surgical intervention if necessary.2) Adenomyosis : Adenomyosis results in structural and functional defects of the uterine junctional zone and thus resulting in disturbed uterine peristalsis and sperm transport, increased inflammatory response in the endometrium causing impaired implantation.

All these factors contribute to sub fertility and increased risk of miscarriage in Adenomyosis.The ultrasonographic features of Adenomyosis are globular uterus, asymmetrical myohyperplasia, rain shower appearance and myometrial cyst.Endometrium :Is a dynamic structure undergoing cyclical changes.

Pathological features such as thin endometrium, poor endometrial blood flow, presence of polyp or intrauterine adhesions can result in sub fertility.

And all these pathologies are accurately assessed using USG (both 2D + 3D).Ovary :USG is used for diagnosis and monitoring of treatment cycle in sub fertile women.1) Follicular monitoring : Is an integral part of investigation in subfertile women.

Serial scans during follicular phase evaluates the growth of the follicle, estimates the time of follicular rupture, the ideal time to trigger ovulation and occurrence of ovulation.2) Antral follicular count: Estimated on day 2 of menstrual cycle, follicles of 2- 8 mm size measured and counted in each ovary.

A hydrosalpinx is a blocked, dilated, fluid-filled fallopian tubeHydrosalpinx may occur as an isolated adnexal lesion or as one component of a complex adnexal lesion that has caused distal tubal occlusion .

The most common cause of distal tubal occlusion and hydrosalpinx is pelvic inflammatory disease.

Other causes include endometriosis, peritubal adhesions from a previous operation, tubal cancer, and tubal pregnancy.Ultrasound• thin- or thick-walled (in chronic cases)• elongated or folded, tubular, C-shaped, or S-shaped fluid-filled structure• distinct from the uterus and ovary..The folds may produce a characteristic “cogwheel” appearance when imaged in cross section.

These folds are pathognomonic of a hydrosalpinx.

The waist sign in combination with a tubular-shaped cystic mass has been found to be pathognomonic of a hydrosalpinx .The ‘beads-on-a-string’ sign is described as hyperechoic mural nodules measuring about 2–3 mm and seen on cross-section of the fluid-filled distended structureSometimes the dilated fallopian tube may not show longitudinal folds.

If the elongated nature of these folds is not noted, they may be mistaken for mural nodules of an ovarian cystic mass.

The characterization of ovarian masses and distinguishing between benign and malignant pathology is important both to decrease unnecessary anxiety and enable decisions regarding optimal treatment.

Thus prior knowledge of the nature of ovarian masses is essential not only for the patient but in order to organize clinical services in terms of planning, costs and overall management.Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) is the most commonly employed imaging modality for the assessment of adnexal masses, and a number of prediction models have been created to maximize its predictive capability.

In many countries the risk of malignancy index (RMI) which combines ultrasound features, serum CA125 levels and the menopausal status of the patient is still used to characterize ovarian pathology.

Asking for a transvaginal ultrasound or blood test when you’re at an average risk for ovarian cancer isn’t the best idea.These findings suggest that with adequate training and knowledge of the common features associated with particular pathologies, ultrasound examiners should be able to reliably diagnose and differentiate between certain specific types of adnexal pathology.

It is important to remember that when evaluating women with an adnexal mass, ultrasound characteristics need to be correlated with the clinical history, as well as signs and symptoms before arriving at a diagnosis.Ovarian cancer is one of those diseases you probably assume you’re being screened for when you go to your well-woman exams, but that’s not really the case.

Ovarian cancer screening, in fac t, isn’t recommended at all for women at average risk for the condition, but that’s not something that most people know.There are actually no recommended screening tests for ovarian cancer in people who don’t have symptoms and don’t have an increased risk of developing the condition.Ovarian cancer is a scary disease—it affects about 20,000 women in the U.S. each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

What are the qualifications to do an IVF and embryology course after graduation?

This course will help candidates enhance their skills and knowledge in the field of embryology.

The duration of the course is 6 months.

This course will help participants in enhancing their knowledge and skill in routine semen analysis.

This course includes all aspects of embryology and is for a duration of 2 month.

It provides extensive hands-on experience regarding various practical processes and techniques that gives the candidate the confidence to start work immediately after finishing the training.2.

What are the qualifications to do an IVF and embryology course after graduation?

This course will help candidates enhance their skills and knowledge in the field of embryology.

The duration of the course is 6 months.

This course will help participants in enhancing their knowledge and skill in routine semen analysis.

This course includes all aspects of embryology and is for a duration of 2 month.

It provides extensive hands-on experience regarding various practical processes and techniques that gives the candidate the confidence to start work immediately after finishing the training.2.

Ectopic pregnancy:A transvaginal ultrasound is the most important diagnostic tool for an ectopic pregnancy.

Adnexal complex or simple cyst with ring of fire appearance with colour doppler is the most specific feature.

Presence of free fluid in pouch of douglas indicates rupture of ectopic pregnancy.

Live extra uterine pregnancy with demonstrable cardiac activity is 100% specific of ectopic pregnancy.

Empty uterine cavity with thick endometrium also corroborates with the diagnosis.

Rare presence of pseudo-gestational sac and heterotopic pregnancy will pose challenges in diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.

If you are planning to have a baby through IVF, then you want to have a successful outcome… in the first cycle itself, if possible!

Here are some important do’s and don’ts that can help increase the chances of having a successful IVF.Context — An unhealthy lifestyle is the cause of more than 93% of all chronic diseases worldwide.

So let us understand what “Lifestyle” is and how a good or bad lifestyle impacts your overall health and IVF success as well.The prominent aspect of “Lifestyle” includes food choices, physical exercise, and sleep patterns.

Lifestyle includes more aspects like stress, your environment, and more.

For now, let us concentrate on the top factors that we can alter and improve immediately — food, exercise, and sleep.

Another indicative concept is to ensure your food2.

What are the qualifications to do an IVF and embryology course after graduation?

This course will help candidates enhance their skills and knowledge in the field of embryology.

The duration of the course is 6 months.2.

This course will help participants in enhancing their knowledge and skill in routine semen analysis.

This course includes all aspects of embryology and is for a duration of 2 month.4.

It provides extensive hands-on experience regarding various practical processes and techniques that gives the candidate the confidence to start work immediately after finishing the training.2.

The characterization of ovarian masses and distinguishing between benign and malignant pathology is important both to decrease unnecessary anxiety and enable decisions regarding optimal treatment.

Thus prior knowledge of the nature of ovarian masses is essential not only for the patient but in order to organize clinical services in terms of planning, costs and overall management.Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) is the most commonly employed imaging modality for the assessment of adnexal masses, and a number of prediction models have been created to maximize its predictive capability.

In many countries the risk of malignancy index (RMI) which combines ultrasound features, serum CA125 levels and the menopausal status of the patient is still used to characterize ovarian pathology.

Asking for a transvaginal ultrasound or blood test when you’re at an average risk for ovarian cancer isn’t the best idea.These findings suggest that with adequate training and knowledge of the common features associated with particular pathologies, ultrasound examiners should be able to reliably diagnose and differentiate between certain specific types of adnexal pathology.

It is important to remember that when evaluating women with an adnexal mass, ultrasound characteristics need to be correlated with the clinical history, as well as signs and symptoms before arriving at a diagnosis.Ovarian cancer is one of those diseases you probably assume you’re being screened for when you go to your well-woman exams, but that’s not really the case.

Ovarian cancer screening, in fac t, isn’t recommended at all for women at average risk for the condition, but that’s not something that most people know.There are actually no recommended screening tests for ovarian cancer in people who don’t have symptoms and don’t have an increased risk of developing the condition.Ovarian cancer is a scary disease—it affects about 20,000 women in the U.S. each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

FIBROIDUterine leiomyomas or uterine fibroids are the most common gynaecological tumours and occur in about 20-50% of women around the world.

Ultrasonography (USG) is the first-line imaging examination in suspected fibroids and shows high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing this condition.

Ultrasound scans can be performed transvaginally (transvaginal scan – TVS) or transabdominally (transabdominal scan – TAS); both scans have advantages and limitations, but, in general, transvaginal sonography is superior to transabdominal sonography in most cases of pelvic pathology.

Whether a leiomyoma is symptomatic or not depends primarily on its size and location.

During ultrasound examination, leiomyomas usually appear as well-defined, solid, concentric, hypoechoic masses that cause a variable amount of acoustic shadowing.

During the examination of leiomyomas differential diagnosis is important.

The inability to get pregnant naturally if you have been trying for some time is heartbreaking.

To attain parenthood if you have chosen IVF treatment, and still are unable to get pregnant makes you feel devastated.

During the IVF treatment, it is a known fact that a fertilized egg cannot guarantee you a pregnancy.

When the embryo gets transferred into the woman’s uterus, it needs to implant on the wall of the uterus to achieve a successful pregnancy.

In some cases the fertilized egg might fail to hatch and implant, resulting in IVF failure.

In such cases, Laser-assisted hatching is an advanced technology is used along with IVF treatment to increase the rate of successful implantation of the embryo.

The field of assisted reproductive technology is continuously evolving, and this needs one to undergo the right training to become an embryologist.An embryologist is an expert who does the study of eggs, sperm, and the embryos that they create.

The embryologists are responsible for following during an IVF cycle:1.

Fertilizing the eggs with sperm, and at times they may have to use intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in which the sperm is injected into the cytoplasm of the egg.4.

Then embryologists use a laser to help ‘cut open’ the outer layer of the embryo, to help it ‘hatch’.6.

A candidate who has passed Bachelor’s degree or Master’s degree in life sciences, zoology, biochemistry, applied microbiology, biotechnology, genetics, or molecular biology.2 An M.B.B.S., BDS, BVSc, BHMS, or BAMS is qualified to become an embryologist.Embryology courses offered by GGIRHR — How are they unique?An embryology course is an opportunity for aspiring embryologists to enhance their knowledge and skills.

The course provides extensive, hands-on experience to enable them to work as embryologists as soon as the candidates complete their course.2.

Lastly, it can ascertain the extent of disease.From a clinical perspective, these products of ultrasound may benefit patients by ensuring a thorough understanding of disease by both the patient, who needs to provide informed consent to treatment options, and the physician, who may adequately prepare for potentially advanced surgical procedures.

In many cases, when deep endometriosis (DE) exists, physicians need to consider referral to an appropriate gynaecologic surgeon with advanced skill.

The multidisciplinary input of other specialists such as colorectal or urologic surgeons or fertility specialist may also be necessary.Recently, the International Deep Endometriosis Analysis (IDEA) group published a systematic approach to sonographically evaluate the pelvis in patients with suspected endometriosis.

In addition, the ‘question mark sign’, signifying a fixed anteverted/retroflexed uterus with the fundus adhered posteriorly to the rectum and/or sigmoid colon can represent adenomyosis and/or endometriosis and should be documentedThe ultrasound: adnexaIncludes evaluation of the ovaries and Fallopian tubes.

The sonographic characteristics of any ovarian abnormality should be described according to terminology published by the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) groupOvarian mobility can be judged by applying pressure to the ovaries using the TV probe.

However, this test is still limited in that no scoring system has been validated as yet.The ultrasound: Sliding signThe test is considered positive when the uterus and cervix move independently (i.e.

What are the qualifications to do an IVF and embryology course after graduation?

This course will help candidates enhance their skills and knowledge in the field of embryology.

The duration of the course is 6 months.

This course will help participants in enhancing their knowledge and skill in routine semen analysis.

This course includes all aspects  of embryology and is for a duration of 2 month.

It provides extensive hands-on experience regarding various practical processes and techniques that gives the candidate the confidence to start work immediately after finishing the training.2.

How does it affect pregnancy in women?In simple words, POF (Premature Ovarian Failure) is early menopause or premature ovarian insufficiency.The period between puberty and menopause is the reproductive period in a woman.

In a woman, if the ovaries stop producing eggs early, before the age of 40 and there are subsequently no periods, this is called premature ovarian failure.

Women who have POF may experience some symptoms similar to that of menopause — such as hot flashes, irregular or no periods, vaginal dryness etc.

POF may occur abruptly over 1 to 2 months or may repeat over several times in a year.

Another sign of POF is higher levels of FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) or estrogen levels.How is POF Diagnosed?POF diagnosis is made based on clinical assessment, blood tests (to look at hormone levels, antibodies, & genetic tests) and an ultrasound scan of the ovaries to evaluate the structure of the ovaries & uterus.How is it treated?POF is permanent.

The treatment is usually done by replacing the hormones that the ovaries no longer produce such as estrogen & progesterone, called as HRT-Hormone Replacement Therapy.