Solar panel systems produce electricity via solar energy. In order to produce that electricity from solar power, several components are required: Solar panels, a charge controller, a dc to ac inverter, and a battery.
Solar Panels
Solar panel output is typically stated in watts. A watt is a unit of power determined by multiplying the rated voltage by the rated amperage. Since the amount of sunlight that hits a solar panel will vary throughout the day, morning and evening lights producing less power than midday, and cloudy days producing even less power, the wattage rating is listed as “peak sun hours” meaning the power produced while under full direct sunlight. If a solar panel that can produce 100 watts per hour of power is exposed to sunlight for 8 hours, then it would produce an average of 800 watt hours of power per day.
When planning your solar panel system, it is important to consider your geographical location in choosing your panels as the amount of daylight your location will receive can and does vary considerably based on your latitude.
Solar panels can additionally be wired together in different orientations. A parallel wiring will increase the amperage of the resulting power, while a series wiring will increase the voltage of the power. This implies that a pair of 24 volt, 5 amp solar panels wired together in series would produce 48 volts of power at 5 amp, while the same panels wired in parallel would yield 24 volts at 10 amps.
Inverter
An inverter converts DC power stored in the battery banks into standard 110/220 AC power. Most solar panels produce DC current, which is stored in the batteries while almost all common household devices use AC power.
There are essentially 2 types of inverters, sine wave and modified sine wave. Most 120V AC devices can use the modified sine wave, however specific items, such as laser printers, can be damaged when used with sine wave inverters. Additionally, motors and power supplies typically run less efficiently on modified sine wave inverters. Sine wave inverters can operate virtually anything but are the more costly of the two options.
Charge Controller
The charge controller in the system will monitor the battery’s health and charge level, and will also ensure that the battery is not overcharged. A charge controller, or charge regulator, should be considered an important piece of the solar panel system.
Charge controllers are rated on the amperage they can handle from the solar panels. If the panels are rated for 20 amps, then you would need a 20 amp charge controller to handle the load. Some load controllers offer a low voltage disconnect (LVD) features as well as battery temperature compensation (BTC) features. The LVD allows for the automatic disconnecting of loads should the voltage on the battery drop too low, while the BTC adjusts the charge rate of the battery based on the ambient environmental temperatures.
Battery
Batteries used in a solar panel system are not the same battery as is found in a car. Solar systems use Deep Cycle batteries, which are batteries designed to be charged and discharged many times. The batteries are typically rated in amp hours. An amp hour is the amount of amperage the battery can deliver over an hour. Batteries can be wired together in series and in parallel, much like solar panels.
The size and number of batteries required will depend on the load required, the maximum draw of the devices to which power is being delivered, the charge rate of the panels, and the ambient temperature where the batteries will be stored and used. Batteries deliver poorer performance in cold weather.
Any purchased batteries should have sufficient amp hour capacity to supply power during the longest period without sunlight with at least a 25% buffer margin built into this number.
Isolux Solar is an Australian owned national solar power system design and installation company that specializes in solar powered energy solutions including photovoltaic solar (PV) panels and commercial lighting. Contact Isolux for the best solar panels, inverters and the batteries.
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