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Canada Mining Industry Fiscal Regime Analysis including Governing Bodies, Regulations, Licensing Fees, Taxes and Royalties, 2022 Update

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Canada is one of the largest mineral producers globally, producing more than 60 metals and minerals. It is also among the leading producers of potash, uranium, platinum, indium, aluminum, sulfur, cobalt, nickel, zinc, iron ore, graphite, and copper. Furthermore, the country is one of the world’s largest importers of bauxite, enabling it to be the world’s fourth-largest primary aluminum producer.

Industries and economies all over the world have been impacted by the COVID-19 crisis and the mineral exploration and production industry in Canada too has been significantly affected. Provinces across Canada implemented various restrictions on operations in response to the pandemic. While mining operations were declared essential and therefore allowed to continue during the lockdown and restrictions, many miners in Canada curbed production, while a few suspended operations completely.

Canada’s mining industry is governed by different departments and agencies under provincial governments. However, in cases such as mineral activities on federal lands and offshore areas, as well as the usage of uranium as nuclear fuel (from exploration to the disposal of mine waste), a pivotal role is played by the federal government. The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) governs the tax-related laws in the country. It also manages several socio-economic benefit programs such as incentive systems delivered through the tax system.

In 2017, CRA revised administrative guidelines related to the tax treatment of certain exploration costs in the mining industry. These costs include environmental study expenses, community consultation expenses, and feasibility study expenses incurred by mining companies at the exploration stage. The new guidelines will help CRA to determine whether the exploration costs borne by the companies will qualify as Canadian Exploration Expense (CEE), which provides valuable tax incentives to investors and companies in the mining sector at the exploration stage.


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