Borosilicate glass is a type of glass whose main constituents are silica and boron trioxide. Borosilicate glasses tend to have significantly low thermal expansion coefficients (≈3 × 10−6 K−1 at 20 °C) which makes them highly resistant to the thermal shocks than any of the other common glasses. Such glass is subjected to less thermal stress and can withstand temperature differentials of about 165 °C (297 °F) without fracturing. It's commonly used to make reagent bottles and flasks, as well as lighting, electronics, and cookware.
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Physical Characteristics:
The most common type of borosilicate glass used for laboratory glassware has a very low thermal expansion coefficient (3.3 × 10−6 K−1) that is about one-third that of ordinary soda-lime glass. This reduces material stresses caused by temperature gradients, making borosilicate a better choice for certain applications. Fused quartzware is even better in this regard because it has one-fifteenth the thermal expansion of soda-lime glass); however, due to the difficulty of working with fused quartz, quartzware is much more expensive, and borosilicate glass is a low-cost compromise. While borosilicate glass is more resistant to thermal shock than other types of glass, it can still crack or shatter when subjected to rapid or uneven temperature changes.
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Characteristic properties are as below:
- Because of the matched CTE with the sealing partner, different borosilicate glasses cover a wide range of thermal expansions, allowing direct seals with various metals and alloys such as molybdenum glass with a CTE of 4,6, tungsten with a CTE around 4,0, and Kovar with a CTE around 5,0.
- Allowing for high maximum temperatures of around 500 °C (932 °F) and exhibiting extremely high chemical resistance in corrosive environments. Acid resistance tests, for instance, create extreme conditions and reveal significantly low impacts on glass.
The softening point of type 7740 Pyrex is 820 °C (1,510 °F) (temperature at which viscosity is approximately 107.6 poise).
Ablaze Glass Works is one of the most noted Borosilicate glass manufacturers in India.
Because of the low atomic mass of boron, borosilicate glass is less dense (about 2.23 g/cm3) than typical soda-lime glass. It has a mean specific heat capacity of 0.83 J/(g.K) at constant pressure (20–100 °C), which is roughly one-fifth that of water.
The borosilicate glass can withstand the differential temperature around 330 °F (180 °C) before fracturing, whereas soda-lime glass can only withstand a temperature differential of approximately 100 °F (56 °C). This is why traditional soda-lime glass kitchenware will break when a boiling water vessel is placed on ice, whereas Pyrex or any of the borosilicate laboratory glass won’t.
Borosililicate glasses have low dispersion (Abbe numbers around 65) along with the lower refractive indices (1.51–1.54 across the visible range).
A typical glass reactor is made up of a glass vessel with an agitator and a heating/cooling system built in.
The borosilicate glass jars are available in sizes ranging from 50ml to 200L.
Actually, a glass reactor is just one of several types of reactors that include glass lined reactors, hydrothermal synthesis reactors, magnetic stirring reactors, electric heating reactors, steam reactors, and so on.
Glass reactors have the advantages of no pollution, high temperature and corrosion resistance, hygiene, fast heating, and so on.
The main idea behind a glass reactor is to agitate the reaction while controlling the reflux and evaporation of the solution in a sealed container at a constant temperature and normal or negative pressure.
These are in line with global value models and, as a result, are extensively required.
