This project focuses on the creation of a system for 3D modelling of heads so that the interior of a sports helmet can be tailored based on the digital model created, improving comfort and impact protection during subsequent use. Different tools have been investigated and tried in order to establish the final methodology, according to each of the business lines (face-to-face and online). They are all designed for the same aim, which is 3D modelling, but using different techniques. Scanning with structured light technologies, time-of-flight, and photogrammetry with various digital cameras were among the techniques used. The three strategies were put to the test on a dummy bust throughout the investigation and then applied to actual people. The goal of this study was to see how specific parameters, such as luminosity or the presence of hair, influenced each of the three modelling methodologies. Different control measurements were used to determine the inaccuracy between the obtained digital models and the real head. As a result, determine what conditions are best for each technique and choose the best methodology for each of the prospective lines of business. The redesign process entails all of the previously mentioned actors' activities and skills in order to adapt a current design to new needs, which could be legal, technical, or economic. A ventilation grille is developed for manufacture utilising a different material and technology in the instance of the study. The redesign necessitates that the final product keep its technical and usability.
The method of redesigning a ventilation grille is explained while taking into account an important issue, such as sustainability. The original size and appearance have been preserved. The modification of material is primarily the innovation that allows for the creation of value.
An agroforestry waste was employed to obtain the supplements. Corn stalks were steam treated to extract the fibres. After that, the fibres were defibrated before being combined with a high density polyethylene (HDPE).
These composite materials, which are made from maize thermo-mechanical fibres and HDPE, are recyclable and can save up to 50% or more of the polymeric matrix, in this case HDPE. The items made with these materials can be cremated at the end of their life cycle without generating trash. The useful life of materials in the construction sector, particularly in the case of the grid, is very lengthy, and it is for this reason that component recycling must be encouraged.
In terms of material selection, the current trend is to prioritise natural-based composites in order to ensure the final product's long-term viability.
Natural fibres or cellulosic fillers/fibers can be divided into four categories based on how well they work in a plastic matrix: Wood flour or agroforestry waste flour in general, wood fibres, natural strands or bundles of strands, and agroforestry residual fibres. Agricultural residues can be thought of as particle fillers that increase the tensile and flexural modulus of the compounds while having no impact on composite resistances.
Agroforestry leftovers, which are made up of stalks and leaves, were previously chipped and buried or burnt on the ground. Corn stalks and leaves are processed into a variety of products that can be used as filler or reinforcement in composite composites. As a result of the milling process, a maize flour with a low aspect ratio (L/d) is produced, which can be used to make wood plastic composites. 3D modelling is the use of specialised software to create mathematical representations of the surfaces of inanimate or alive objects in three dimensions. 3D modelling services oversee the creation of 3D content for clients as well as the delivery of a finished result. When corn wastes are defibered in aqueous conditions, a fibrous material with a larger aspect ratio is produced, which is acceptable for slightly better product requirements.
In comparison to the initial corn residue, both types of procedures produce nearly 100% yield. Furthermore, thermo-mechanical techniques (vaporisation followed by defibering) produce fibrous matter with inherent qualities at a very competitive yield. Finally, more aggressive treatments like organosolv or sosa-antraquinone treatments (semi-chemical procedures) result in fibres with improved mechanical properties.
The application of agroforestry reinforced polyolefin is the focus of this research. In the development of an ecological ventilation grid, product design and innovation researchers collaborated with materials science experts. The development of a new product has innovative goals in the application of new materials to suit the market sub-ultimate sector's needs. The materials that can be retrieved are identified in the first stage. This step could be the outcome of an investigation or a company's proposal to value its waste. Experts in materials science must be involved in order to determine the appropriateness of the proposed materials.
The formulation of composite materials is the subject of the second stage. It's a normal stage of experimentation. Experts in material science must determine the matrices that will be used to create the composite material. The usage of the inertized components as loads or reinforcements will be established in this way. All laboratory tests are conducted in order to determine the physical and chemical properties of the formed materials. All graphs and tables describing composite materials and their variants will be delivered to the engineers and designers in charge of the industrialization stage at the end of the stage.
The third stage of industrialisation combines engineering and industrial design skills. The product to be designed or industrialised is established throughout the stage, taking into account the manufacturing procedures. You can either start from scratch or redesign an existing product. This is where applied research comes in. A digital model of the product is obtained at the end of the stage. This model comprises all of the geometric parameters that must be able to adjust to the product's use and manufactureability.
The design's ability to respond positively to the boundary conditions to which it will be confronted must be determined in the fourth stage. The weights, pressures, and degrees of freedom constraints that are either established in homologation standards or extrapolated from their application will be applied to the digital model in this way. Typically, the stage is used. The results are obtained using computer-aided engineering (CAE) systems.
